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Elbow joint (LS)

The elbow joint (LS) is formed by the brachio-ulnar, brachioradial and radioulnar joints. When examining the joint, attention is paid to the contours of the shoulder, forearm, the direction of the axes, the extensor and flexion surfaces of the joints with a straightened arm. The rotation of the radius around the ulna in the radial-ulnar joint allows pronation and supination of the arms. The brachio-ulnar and brachioradial joints take part in flexion and extension in the LS. With full flexion, the front surface of the forearm touches the front surface of the shoulder.

When extending, the shoulder and forearm most often form a straight line. The measurement of the volume of flexion and extension occurs from the initial position in which the arm hangs freely along the body, the goniometer is located in the sagittal plane, its fixed part is parallel humerusThe agile follows the movement of the forearm. The normal flexion angle is 150-160 °, the extension angle is 0 ° (Fig. 2.5).

Fig. 2.5. Measurement of the angle of flexion in the elbow joint

When supination and pronation in the initial position, the forearm is bent at a right angle, the hand is in the sagittal plane, thumb retracted parallel to the axis of the shoulder. With full supination (turning outward), the hand is set in a horizontal plane with the palmar surface up. The supination volume is 90 °. With full pronation (inward rotation), the hand is set in a horizontal plane with the back surface up. The pronation angle is 90 °.

Wrist and intercarpal joints (LZS and MZS)

The wrist and intercarpal joints (LZS and MZS) are in close functional dependence. Inspection of the LZS contours is carried out from above and from the side. Palpation is performed on the back of the hand (palpation is more accessible). The LZS line is located 1 cm distal to the line connecting both styloid processes.

Movements in the LZS are performed in the sagittal plane - flexion and extension and in the frontal plane - abduction and adduction (radial and elbow abduction). The range of motion in them is determined when the wrist and hand are straightened in relation to the forearm. When measuring the volume of flexion in the LZS, the protractor is placed in the sagittal plane. The normal flexion angle is 80-90 °, and the extension angle is 70 °. With full flexion and extension, the hand with the forearm forms an almost right angle. When determining the ulnar and radial abduction, the goniometer is placed in the horizontal plane and normally the angles are 45-60 ° and 20-30 °, respectively.

The most common and important impairment of wrist mobility is loss or limitation of extension.

The carpometacarpal joints (WJ) are inactive, with the exception of the 1st carpometacarpal joint - flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, medial and lateral rotation are possible in it, which occur at such an angle that the 1st finger is opposed to the rest of the fingers.

Metacarpophalangeal joints (PFC) of the hand

The metacarpophalangeal joints (PFCs) of the hand provide flexibility to the arm. The projection of the PPS II-V fingers is at the level of the distal fold of the bent hand. With atrophy of the interaxial and vermiform muscles, a so-called "hollow" brush is formed. With flexion contracture and subluxation in the PFJ with hyperextension, the fingers of the hand deviate to the elbow side and the hand acquires a deformation of the "walrus fins" type. On examination, a change in the contours and volume of the joints is determined, and on palpation, the presence of synovitis is determined. In the PFC, movements are possible: flexion - extension, abduction (spreading the fingers of the entire hand), adduction (moving the fingers towards the third finger). The combination of these movements allows for circular movements.

The range of motion in the PFJ of the II-V fingers is determined when the straightened fingers are positioned at an angle of 180 ° (0 °) in relation to the wrist. With limited mobility in these joints, the patient cannot clench the hand into a fist. When measuring the range of motion with a protractor, the movable jaw is positioned along the wrist. With full flexion, the wrist and fingers form an angle of 90 °, with full extension, up to 30 °. The amplitude of abduction and adduction varies from joint to joint and averages 30-40 °.

Inspection of the PPS of the thumb is performed from the back and palmar surfaces. In the metacarpophalangeal joint of the first finger, abduction and adduction are performed. With abduction of I, the finger forms a right angle with the outer edge of the wrist (90 °), with adduction, an acute angle (45 °). In the same joint, palmar flexion or opposition and dorsiflexion are performed. With full palmar flexion, the tip of the thumb touches the rest of the fingers. The flexion angle, measured by a protractor located in the sagittal plane, is 70 °. The dorsal extension of the PFJ is insignificant and amounts to only 10 °.

The interphalangeal joints (IPJs) are involved in flexion and extension of the fingers. Examination of these joints reveals deformity and exudative phenomena, as well as Heberden's nodules - in the area of \u200b\u200bthe base of the nail phalanges and Bouchard's nodules - in the area of \u200b\u200bthe proximal interphalangeal joints (PMJS).

Flexion contracture of the PFJ in combination with hyperextension of the PIPJ and flexion contracture of the distal interphalangeal joints (DIPJ) is described as a “gooseneck” deformity. Flexion contracture of the PMPS in combination with hyperextension of the PMPS is described as a "button loop" deformity. Hyperextension in the PMPS and flexion contracture of the DMPS of the II-V fingers leads to a deformity of the hand called the “cock's paw”.

The approximate amount of flexion in the IFS is determined by the possibility of compressing the hand into a fist. Normally, the palmar surface of the nail phalanges fits snugly against the palm. The limitation of this movement cannot fully indicate a violation of the flexion of the hand due to the MFS, since the PFC also participates in this movement. Full clenching of the fingers into a fist is estimated as 100%. Impossibility of compression - 0%. Intermediate degrees are established between these extreme boundaries. If the tips of the fingers do not reach the surface of the thenar and hypotenar by 2 cm, then the clenching of the hand into a fist is 75%, if this distance is 5-6 cm, the clenching of the hand into a fist is estimated within 50%, and at a distance of 10-12 cm - 25%.

Flexion and extension are possible in PMPS and DMFS. The flexion angle in the PMFS is usually 100-120 °, in the DMFS - 45-90 ° (in the initial extended position - 0 °). The extension angle in PMFS does not exceed 10 °, in DMFS - about 30 °. Flexion of the IFS of the first finger is possible by 80-90 °, extension - by 20-35 °.

IN AND. Mazurov

Shoulder muscles

There are two flexors located on the anterior surface of the shoulder, there are two extensors per back surfaceacting on the elbow joint.

Anterior shoulder muscles

Biceps brachii(fig. 79, 123) It starts with two heads.

H: the long head joins the supra-articular tubercle of the scapula long tendon, which passes through the cavity of the shoulder joint and lies in the intertubercular groove of the humerus.

H: the short head attaches to the coracoid process of the scapula.

Both heads, connecting, pass into an oblong fusiform abdomen, ending in a tendon, from which a flat tendon bundle departs, woven into the fascia of the shoulder.

P: tuberosity of the radius.

supines the pronated earlier;

flexes the shoulder when the elbow joint is strengthened by contraction of the triceps brachii. Shoulder muscle(Fig. 79) Lies deeper than the biceps muscle.

H: lower two-thirds of the anterior surface of the body of the humerus.

P: tuberosity of the ulna.

D: flexes the forearm at the elbow joint.

Coracohumeral muscle(fig. 79)

H: coracoid process of the scapula.

R: anterior surface of the middle third of the body of the humerus

D: flexes the shoulder; leads the hand; rotates it inward.

Posterior shoulder muscles

Triceps brachii(fig. 80)

It occupies the entire back of the shoulder and consists of three heads that merge into one common tendon.

H: the long head attaches to the sub-articular tubercle of the scapula, goes down, passing between the large and small round muscles;

the lateral head joins the posterior surface of the shoulder, upward and outward from the radial nerve sulcus;

the medial head adjoins the posterior surface of the humerus farther from the radial nerve groove.

P: Attaches to the olecranon (olecranon) of the ulna with a wide common tendon.

D: unbends the forearm at the elbow joint.

Elbow muscle(fig. 80, 124)

Small triangular muscle, adjacent to its edge to the triceps muscle.

H: external epicondyle of the humerus.

R: the outer edge of the olecranon and the posterior surface of the ulna.

D: unbends the forearm.

Forearm muscles

Here, flexors and extensors are distinguished. Some muscles flex the entire hand, others flex the fingers. There are also pronators and instep supports on the forearm, which, acting on the radius, turn it inward and outward. There are also superficial and deep layers of muscles.

Anterior forearm muscle group(fig. 123)

The flexors and pronators are located on the anterior surface of the forearm. The superficial layer originates in the area of \u200b\u200bthe inner epicondyle of the humerus, the deep one - on the bones of the forearm.

Surface layer

Round pronator (fig. 123)

P: the outer surface of the radius is above its middle.

D: flexes the forearm;

penetrates it.

Radial flexor of the hand

Lies along the inner edge of the round pronator.

H: internal epicondyle of the humerus.

P: base of the second metacarpal bone.

D: bends the hand;

takes her to the ray side;

penetrates.

Located closer to the inner edge of the forearm, it has a short, fusiform abdomen that passes into a long, thin tendon. This tendon rests on top of the flexor tendon retainer.

H: internal epicondyle of the humerus.

P: palmar aponeurosis (wide tendon distension).

D: tightens the palmar aponeurosis;

flexes the wrist at the wrist joint;

flexes the fingers (II – V) in the metacarpophalangeal joints.

Elbow flexor of the hand

Located on the elbow edge of the forearm.

H: internal epicondyle of the humerus.

P: pisiform, hook-shaped, V metacarpal bones.

D: bends the hand;

Posterior forearm muscle group

The extensors and instep supports lie here, the superficial layer originates in the area of \u200b\u200bthe outer epicondyle of the humerus.

Brachioradialis muscle(fig. 123, 124)

Lies in front of the forearm along its lateral edge.

H: outer edge of the humerus, intermuscular septum, in the middle of the forearm, the muscle passes into a long tendon.

P:. the styloid process of the radius.

D: flexes the forearm at the elbow joint;

sets it in the middle position between pronation and supination (this position is usually occupied by the forearm and hand with freely lowered arms).

Long radial extensor of the hand

It is located more outwardly and posterior to the previous muscle.

H: external epicondyle of the humerus, intermuscular septum, in the middle of the forearm, the muscle turns into a tendon.

P: dorsum of the II metacarpal bone.

D: flexes the forearm;

unbends the brush;

takes her to the ray side.

Short radial extensor of the hand

Lies behind the long radial extensor brushes. H: outer epicondyle of the humerus. P: dorsum of the third metacarpal bone, the muscle goes along with the long radial extensor tendon. D: unbends the hand; takes her to the ray side.

Finger extensor

Lies on the back of the forearm.

H: outer epicondyle of the humerus, in the middle of the forearm, the muscle divides into four abdomens, each of which gives a long tendon.

P: through the dorsal aponeurosis to the distant phalanges of the II – V fingers.

D: unbends fingers (II – V);

unbends the brush.

Elbow extensor of the hand

Adjoins the outer edge to the extensor digitorum. H: outer epicondyle of the humerus, posterior edge of the ulna.

P: base of the V metacarpal bone.

D: unbends the hand;

leads her to the elbow side.

Muscles of the hand

In addition to the tendons of the muscles of the forearm, passing on the back and palmar sides of the hand, it also has its own short muscles... They form three muscle groups: 1) muscles of the eminence of the thumb; 2) muscles of the little finger eminence; 3) the muscles of the palmar cavity.

Upper limb massage

The initial position of the patient for working out the upper limbs is lying on his stomach. At the same time, the ulnar edge of the front (palmar) and rear (back) surfaces of the upper limbs is available for massage. You can also work out the radial edge in this position by placing your hand underneath. On a narrow massage table, this will have to be done so that the patient's hand does not fall off the table during deep relaxation.

All techniques are performed according to the suction technique from the overlying areas to the underlying ones. That is, the shoulder is worked out from the elbow joint to the shoulder joint, the forearm - from the radial-wrist joint - to the elbow joint, and finally - work on the hand. You don't have to follow the direction of movement on the hand, because here the techniques are applied locally. But if there is a need to stimulate blood vessels and nerves, then the movement goes to the fingers, and when it is necessary to remove the swelling - in the other direction, from the fingers.

Stroking:planar, enveloping (Fig. 125, 126).

Trituration:all types (fig. 26-28).

Kneading.

Wallow(fig. 50).

Plane kneading(Fig. 127, a, b)

On the shoulder they work with the base of the palm of the upper hand, the other hand is placed underneath. The fingers of the masseur's active upper arm are directed away from the patient's torso. it fixation phasemuscles - biceps and triceps. Upper arm presses on the muscles - compressionand rolls them in an arc from the body outward - kneading phase.Further, the pressure on the muscles decreases and the relaxed hand of the masseur returns to starting positioncompleting a full circle - clockwise by right hand, and against - on the left.

This kneading technique allows you to create gentle conditions for the neurovascular bundle lying between the muscles of the shoulder at the moment of the highest compression.

Cross kneading:all types (fig. 43-45)

On the forearm, repeat all the techniques of work on the shoulder.

The massage therapist can work on the hand with the base of the palm and with individual fingers, mainly the index and thumb. Here it is necessary to do stroking, rubbing, kneading, work out the channel points.

In the forearm area, it is necessary to pay attention to the study of the points of the primary elements to stimulate all the primary elements in the Yang and Yin channels of the hand.

Linear ironing(fig. 128, 129)

It is performed in the direction and against the direction of the six manual channels: P, MC, C, GI, TR, IG. The movement is performed with one hand, starting from the palm, then along the front surface of the hand to the armpit and back from the scapula along the back surface of the shoulder, forearm, hand. It is necessary to do several such circles (9), dumping the patient's painful energy from the tips of his fingers with the pad of the thumb from the little finger to the index finger.

Exit energy channels in the hands of a person makes the study of the upper limbs a necessary procedure, even if there are no direct complaints of pain in these parts of the body. Massaging the hands of many patients is a physical pleasure, and should be used to deep relaxation person.

Complex 6. Exercises for the muscles of the upper limbs

Stretching the extensor muscles of the shoulder (fig. 130, a, b)

Exhale - slowly bending the forearms at the elbow joints to the position of the palm in front of the chest.

Exhale - slowly repeat the movement, bending the forearms to the position of the palm behind the back to the level of the shoulder blades.

In the dox - return to the starting position.

Do not tilt the body forward, do not raise the shoulder girdle. Only the flexors of the shoulder work, the extensors are maximally relaxed and stretched

Keep consciousness on the muscles of the shoulders. Repeat 3-4 times in each direction.

Stretching the flexor muscles of the shoulder (Fig. 131, a, b)

I. p. - standing or sitting, head, neck, back - on the same line, shoulders raised on the line shoulder girdle, the forearms are freely lowered down, the palms are turned back.

Exhale - slow extension of the forearms to the level of the shoulder line.

In the dox - return to the starting position.

Only work

shoulder extensors, flexors

bateli maximum

relaxed and stretched

Keep consciousness on the muscles of the shoulders. Repeat 3-4

Turn your palms outward and perform the same exercise 3-4 times.

Flexion of the hands in the radial-metacarpal joints (fig. 132)

Exhale - slow flexion of the hands in the wrist joints almost to a right angle with the forearms.

In the dox - return to the starting position.

Only the flexors of the hands work, the extensors are maximally relaxed and stretched

Extension of the wrist joints (fig. 133)

I. p. - standing or sitting, head, neck, back - on the same line, arms bent at the elbows to a right angle, palms up.

Exhale - slowly extending the hands almost to a right angle with the forearms.

In the dox - return to the starting position.

Only the extensors of the hands work, the flexors are maximally relaxed and stretched.

Keep consciousness on the muscles of the forearms. Repeat 8-9 times.

Forearm rotation (fig. 134)

I. p. - standing or sitting, head, neck, back - on the same line, arms bent at the elbows to a right angle, palms towards each other.

Exhale - slow rotation of the forearms around the longitudinal axis in opposite directions until the palms are up and slightly to the sides.

Exhale - slow rotation of the forearms around the longitudinal axis in opposite directions until the palms are outward.

Inhale - return to starting position.

Muscles work - rotators of the forearms

Keep consciousness on the muscles of the forearms. Repeat 8-9 times.

Opening and closing palms (fig. 135)

I. p. - standing or sitting, head, neck, back - on one line, arms bent at the elbows to a right angle, palms down. Breathe in.

Exhale - slowly moving the fingers apart and simultaneously extending the fingers.

In the dox - return to the starting position.

Exhale - slowly bringing the fingers to the midline of the palm.

In the dox - return to the starting position.

The interosseous muscles of the hand work.

Fig. 134

Keep consciousness on the muscles of the hands, palmar aponeurosis. Repeat 8-9 times.

Smoothness of movement during aggravation of pain in the muscles of the hands is important. A few exercises a day can help relieve acute conditions and bring them under control. Can be used by massage therapists to train arm muscles.

Manual channel SMALL INTESTINE, great YAN

Channel travel

The canal of the small intestine (Fig. 136) is symmetrical, paired, centripetal, yang. The maximum flow in it is observed from 13 to 15 hours of the day. Energy comes from the heart channel [C], switches to the bladder channel [V].

Outside course originates at the root of the little finger nail from the ulnar side and goes along the ulnar edge of the surface of the hand, rising to the wrist. From the styloid process of the ulna, it rises along the dorsal-ulnar line of the hand to the back of the elbow, passing between the inner supramus-lye of the humerus and the process of the ulna (olecranon). Further, the canal follows the outer-posterior surface of the shoulder and goes into the supraspinatus fossa of the scapula, crossing the spine of the scapula, and descends into the infraspinatus fossa. From the spine of the scapula, the canal follows to the point VG14 (large vertebra) of the posterior median canal, where it meets the branch of the opposite side. Bending around the shoulder girdle, the canal exits into the supraclavicular fossa (point E12). The inner branch leaves from here. The outer branch of the canal continues to rise along the lateral surface of the neck, crosses the lower jaw from behind from its corner and extends to the zygomatic bone, reaching the inner corner of the eye. Here the canal meets the canal of the gallbladder at point VB1, then turns back, passes point TR22 of the canal of three heaters and ends up at its last point IG19 between the anterior edge of the tragus and the posterior edge of the zygomatic process.

The other facial branch crosses the cheek, passing along the lower edge of the orbit, reaches the inner corner of the eye, where at the base of the root of the nose it meets at point V1 with the canal of the bladder and, descending obliquely along the zygomatic bone, reaches a depression under the lower edge of its body and ends at point IG18.

Inner passage starts from the E12 channel of the stomach, reaches the heart, then along the lateral surface of the esophagus passes through the diaphragm, communicates with the stomach and ends in the small intestine.

Standard points

Signal point VC4 lies on the midline of the abdomen, three tsunya below the navel.

Pain point IG6 is located 1 cun above the wrist crease above the styloid process of the ulna.

Sympathetic point V27 - on the canal of the bladder [V], at the level of the gap between the spinous processes of the I and II sacral vertebrae, to the side by 1.5 cun.

Sedative point IG8 lies in the area of \u200b\u200bthe outer surface of the elbow, between the inner epicondyle of the humerus and the olecranon.

Toning point IG3 is located posterior to the metacarpophalangeal joint in the groove on the ulnar side of the hand.

Internal communication

The channel belongs to the small intestine, is connected to the heart, directly to the stomach.

Signs of canal damage

Ulceration of the mouth and tongue, pain in the neck and cheeks, lower jaw, throat disease, tension in the muscles of the neck, pain in the humeral region and on the outer surface of the shoulder, forearm, hand.

Pain in the lower abdomen of a bursting character, passing to the lower back, pain in the testicle, bowel disorders, dry stools, constipation, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, pain in the navel and lower abdomen, impaired intestinal permeability.

Indications for using the channel

Diseases of the head, neck, eyes, ear, throat; fever, mental disorders.

CRITERIA FOR POLYMYOSITE:

1. Weakness in the proximal muscle groups of the upper, lower limbs and torso.

2. Increased levels of serum creatine kinase or aldolase.

3. Spontaneous muscle pain.

4. Changes in the electromyogram. Polyphasic potentials of short duration, spontaneous fibrillation.

5. Positive test anti-Jol (histatidyl - tRNA synthetase) antibodies.

6. Non-destructive arthritis and arthralgia.

7. Signs of systemic inflammation:

Fever\u003e 37 ° C;

Increase in the level of SRV, ESR\u003e 20 mm / h according to Westergren.

8. Microscopic data of biopsy material. Inflammatory infiltration of skeletal muscles with degeneration and necrosis of muscle fibrils, signs of active phagocytosis and regeneration.

If there are 1 or more cutaneous criteria and at least 4 criteria for polymyositis, a diagnosis of PDM can be made.

Sensitivity - 94.1%, specificity - 90.3%. The criteria are confirmed.

Dermatomyositis treatment

1. Glucocorticosteroids, preferably prednisolone and methylprednisolone at a dose of 1 mg / kg for a long time, on average for 1-3 months until the positive dynamics of clinical and laboratory parameters, followed by dose reduction. 2. Cytostatic drugs, as a rule, in combination with GCS:

Preferably cyclosporin A (sandimmun) 5 mg / kg / day, maintenance dose 2-2.5 mg / kg / day,

Methotrexate from 7.5 mg / week to 25-30 mg / week,

Azathioprine (Imuran) 2-3 mg / kg / day, maintenance dose 50 mg / day.

3. IV immunoglobulin 1 g / kg for 2 days or 0.4 g / kg for 5 days monthly (3-4 months).

4. Aminoquinolone preparations (in the presence of skin lesions):

Plaquenil 0.2 g / day for at least 2 years.

5. NSAIDs (with dominant pain and articular syndromes, with chronic DM with a low degree of activity):

COX-2 inhibitors (movalis 7.5-15 mg / day, nimesulide 100 mg 1-2 r / day, celecoxib 200 mg 1-2 r / day);

Diclofenac (Voltaren, Orgofen, Naklofen, etc.) 150 mg / day;

Ibuprofen (Brufen) 400 mg 3 r / day.

6. Drugs that improve metabolism in the affected muscles:

Retabolil 1 ml 5% solution 1 time in 2 weeks No. 3-4;

Vitamins, especially group B.

7. Complexons (for DM complicated by calcification):

Disodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid i.v. per 400 ml isotonic solution sodium chloride or glucose 250 mg daily for 5 days with a 5-day break (for a course of 15 procedures).

Treatment quality criteria:

Decrease or absence muscle weakness or muscle pain;

Normalization of the activity of the enzymes creatine phosphokinase, aldolase, aspartate amino transferase, alanine aminotransferase;

Normalization of indicators of acute phase inflammation (fibrinogen, seromucoid, defenylamine test, SRV, ESR, globulins);

Normalization or improvement of muscle biopsy data and electromyography data.

Examples of wording a diagnosis:

Primary idiopathic dermatomyositis, acute course, activity III degree with diffuse lesions of the muscles of the lower and upper extremities; swallowing muscles with dysphagia and pseudobulbar syndrome; chest; diaphragm; lungs - fibrosing alveolitis, DC II; skin - paraorbital dykes (Gottron syndrome).

Primary idiopathic polymyositis, subacute course with diffuse lesions of the muscles of the lower extremities; heart - myocarditis with arrhythmias and conduction disturbances of the type of sinus tachycardia, left bundle branch block, HF NA, FC III.

Sport is the key to health and visual attractiveness, so nowadays everything more people set aside time to visit gyms. Upper body training tends to be the most focus and concern for beginners. Every day, attention is paid to exercises that pump the biceps, triceps and other muscles in the arms. At the same time, the technique often remains simply terrible. All this comes from ignorance of the anatomical structure of human muscles. A deep understanding of the process and the degree of involvement of a particular muscle in the exercise will maximize the load on the target muscle and achieve the best result.

What is included in the concept of "arm muscles"?

Anatomically, the muscles of the human hand can be divided into two main groups:

1. Shoulder muscles - originate from the deltoids and extend to the ulnar muscle.

2. Forearm muscles - start from the elbows and include all the muscles down to the fingertips.

Human shoulder structure

The shoulder muscles are divided into the following groups:

1. Flexors of the arm (anterior brachial muscles), which include the brachialis, coracohumeral muscles, and biceps.

2. Arm extensors ( back muscles shoulder), which include the triceps and ulnar muscles.

Arm flexors

Considering in more detail the anatomy and functional purpose of this element, it should be noted that the brachial muscle provides flexion of the forearm. The biceps, also called the biceps brachii, is designed to flex the upper limbs at the elbow and shoulder joints, and to rotate and rotate the forearm. It consists of a short and a long head. The coracohumeral muscle is directly involved in flexion and rotation of the arm in the elbow and shoulder joints.

Arm extensors

The main extensors are the triceps, the muscles of the arms, which are also called the triceps muscles of the shoulder. They consist of a long, medial and lateral heads. The main functions of the triceps are extension of the forearm in the shoulder and elbow joints, as well as adduction of the upper limbs to the trunk. The elbow muscle helps the triceps to extend the arm at the elbow joint.

Forearm muscle structure

The muscles of the forearm are similar in their division to the shoulder muscles (they are also divided into front and back), while each of the subgroups given is subdivided into deep and superficial layers of muscles.

Front group

Consider the muscles of the hands of the surface layer of the anterior group, which include the following elements:

2. Radial flexor of the wrist - performs adjacent to elbow flexor functions, and also penetrates the forearm.

3. The pronator round is a smaller muscle that completely repeats the functions of the two previous ones.

4. Superficial flexor of the fingers - takes part in flexion of the elbow joint and hand, as well as the middle phalanges.

5. Palmar muscle - controls the palm and takes part in flexion of the elbow joint.

The deep layer is represented by the following muscles:

1. Long flexor of the thumb - flexes the thumb and nail phalanx.

2. Deep flexor of the fingers - flexes the hand and extreme phalanges.

3. The square pronator is the main pronator of the forearm.

Back group

The superficial layer of the posterior group consists of the ulnar, short and long extensors the wrist, the extensor of the fingers, as well as the brachioradialis muscle, which flexes the upper limb at the elbow, turns and penetrates the forearm. The deep layer consists of a long and short extensor and the long abductor muscles of the thumb, which abduct and extend the human thumb. Also to this layer belong the extensor of the index finger, the functions of which are clear from its name, and the instep support, which controls the hand and forearm.

Carpal muscles

The human hand consists of nine muscles, the main functions of which are flexion and extension of the fingers, as well as providing them static provisions: short flexors of the thumb and little finger, the abductors of the thumb and little finger, the muscles opposing the thumb and little finger, the muscle that sets the thumb in motion, the vermiform and interosseous muscles.

Thus, on human hands there are many different muscles that have a huge number of functions.

Training of muscle groups of the upper limbs

How to train your arm muscles correctly? Human anatomy allows upper limbs respond quite well to training. Each muscle has certain movements, and therefore, it requires specific pumping exercises. So, the biceps is responsible for flexing the arm, so it will be effective various exercises lifting weights (barbells, dumbbells) by bending the arm at the elbow joint from various positions (sitting, standing). Triceps works to straighten the arms. Exercises involve the application of efforts at the moment when the muscles of the arms are straightened (push-ups on the uneven bars, extension from behind the head, and so on). For the muscles of the forearm, wrist flexion and extension, as well as exercises with an expander (or rubber ball) are best suited.

A nice feature of the arm muscles is their ability to quick recovery after workouts, which makes more frequent pumping possible. But in hand training, however, like any other muscle group, the main thing is not to overdo it, otherwise you can achieve the opposite result - constant fatigue and even injury.